Creative Parenting-Amplifying a Deviation

 By Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW ACSW

The direct discipline approach with kids doesn’t always work. Parents can however use UNUSUAL yet effective communication techniques to get increased control of their kids (AND ADULTS!).

AMPLIFYING A DEVIATION

Children do not always change quickly. Instead of getting naturally frustrated you can watch for small changes in your child and build on them. People tend to behave in patterned ways and if a child is showing tendencies towards positive change the parent can take advantage of this patterned behavioral change and build on it.

For example – If you notice that your child is doing a better job listening and cooperating with you than he or she is in the classroom you might say “You are doing such a great job listening to me and cooperating with my needs…how could you do this with your teacher?” or “I am so happy about how you are being a leader with your friends. What is that about?” Then have him/her think about how he/she can apply this growth to the next tasks…like getting along with teachers. Another example…”I have noticed how you have made such mature decisions about managing your money and I am really curious to know how you are going to apply this maturity to dealing with finding a job.” 

All ideas are taken from Jay Haley’s book – “Uncommon Therapy: The Psychiatric Techniques of Milton H. Erickson”.

 

 

Creative Parenting – The Use of Space and Place

By Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW ACSW

The direct discipline approach with kids doesn’t always work. Parents can however use UNUSUAL yet effective communication techniques to get increased control of their kids (AND ADULTS!).

THE USE OF SPACE AND PLACE

People associate events, self, others, thoughts, feelings and situations with specific physical locations. You as a parent can use this idea to encourage your child to continue in a positive direction, think more creatively and/or be more empathic.

For example – If you notice that your child is beginning to listen and share better with you – then the next time you discuss a related topic – talk in the same place. However, naturally and without explanation, take the child’s past sitting position and have him/her sit where you were. Listen to your child about what is happening with him/her and work in questions to make sure he/she understands how you felt about the topic the last time you talked…i.e. “Do you remember how that made me feel when we discussed this last time?” This change in the child’s sitting position will encourage him/her to use more levels of thinking to be empathic…especially with the parent.

Another example – Naturally and without explanation, change the sitting positions at a time the family is all together…perhaps when eating. As everyone is settled and going about their business, begin to talk about positive changes of one or all of the kids. Talk about the old and then the new and have the children (if possible) discuss the joys of positive change. Through an associated shift in location you will be teaching their unconscious thinking that the old is very old and the new is here, now, different and solid. 

All ideas are taken from Jay Haley’s book – “Uncommon Therapy: The Psychiatric Techniques of Milton H. Erickson”.

 

 

 

Creative Parenting – Motivating Through Metaphors

by Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW ACSW

The direct discipline approach with kids doesn’t always work. Parents can however use UNUSUAL yet effective communication techniques to get increased control of their kids (AND ADULTS!).

MOTIVATING THROUGH METAPHORS

One of the best times to give a suggestion to someone is after you tell them a story. Applying this idea to parenting can be very helpful in facilitating change. Follow these steps – First, think of a behavior in one of your children that you want changed ( I want Joe to go to school) Second, think about what personal characteristic the child needs to improve to make this happen (ambition). Third, think of a time (story) in the past when he was ambitious and fearless. Forth, come up with a similar but unrelated story to use as your introduction that highlights or supports your main point. This first story will cause the listener to think more deeply and make connections. For example –
“Joe, I remember a time when your cousin was so interested in pleasing his boss. He wanted to do well at his job and get a promotion. He got to work early every day and even though he was new at the job he learned all he could until he felt comfortable. I remember when you did that when you learned to swim. You were scared but you got ready on time. I brought you there and you jumped right in to the pool.”
Stories as such are meant to make people think and come up with their own answers. If you simply tell someone what to do it can be resisted and easily forgotten.
Make sure to not explain yourself. If the child asks “Why are you telling me this?” just change the subject. Explaining it would be simplifying what is going on in the child’s thinking.
The best time to tell the story is close to the time when the parent and child were talking about the problem…going to school. Allow enough time to make it appear like a different topic but close enough that the child can make the association…perhaps 10-20 seconds.

All ideas are taken from Jay Haley’s book – “Uncommon Therapy: The Psychiatric Techniques of Milton H. Erickson”.

 

 

 

Creative Parenting -Providing a Worse Alternative

by Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW ACSW

The direct discipline approach with kids doesn’t always work. Parents can however use UNUSUAL yet effective communication techniques to get increased control of their kids (AND ADULTS!).

PROVIDING A WORSE ALTERNATIVE

Children and young people will often oppose a parent’s suggestion to follow through on requested tasks and it can be difficult to motivate kids through direct requests. Also, parents generally want for their kids to learn how to make their own decisions while still being under the direction of a parent. Both of these things can be done at the same time if the parent provides for the child a set of alternatives. By doing this, the parent is allowing for choice and opposition is taken out of the equation since the parent is creating the options. Motivation can be created in the child by suggesting something that they will oppose yet providing a more pleasant option. Follow this process – think of what you want the child to do then give a suggestion of something that is worse. After this return to the statement of what you want for them to do and say it. For example –
“Do you want to go to clean the shower now or in 15 minutes?”
After they make their decision you can continue to use this method to suggest more of your desired behaviors.
“When you clean the shower would you rather wash the shower curtain or clean the drain?”
This method follows the basic understanding that people are motivated to do things when they feel empowered by choice.

 All ideas are taken from Jay Haley’s book – “Uncommon Therapy: The Psychiatric Techniques of Milton H. Erickson”.

 

 

 

 

Creative Parenting by-Encouraging Resistance

Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW ACSW

The direct discipline approach with kids doesn’t always work. Parents can however use UNUSUAL yet effective communication techniques to get increased control of their kids (AND ADULTS!).

ENCOURAGING RESISTANCE

 – If one of your children challenges your direction then accept their behavior if you can. Take interest in their reasons to oppose you and treat their decision to do something else as a need. Your acceptance and interest will turn their opposition into cooperation. Since you have then repositioned the relationship as more cooperative it puts you as the parent in a better position to make suggestions and to be heard. Here is an example –
‘Mom – I am going out tonight …I don’t care what you say”
“I understand that you are going out tonight and that it is important to you. Thank you for telling me. Before you leave please finish the yard and be home by…”
You can also use this method to “encourage” negative behavior that is already being done. For example –
“I see that you need to spend a lot of time with your friends saying out late. While you are out please help me by picking up some groceries and talk to me about other things I need done when you get home.”
This idea follows the basic understanding that people do not like being told what to do.

All ideas are taken from Jay Haley’s book – “Uncommon Therapy: The Psychiatric Techniques of Milton H. Erickson”.

Jeff Dwarshuis EMDR Protocol for Advanced Performance

Improving your performance begins with identifying areas of desired change, recognizing the problem in each area and then creating an idealized picture of change.

Begin by addressing the area(s) in your life that you would like to see improvement. Identify the category in your life needing change and briefly list what you see as the problem. For example, under profession one might identify the problem as “fear of improvement” or “lack of confidence.”

Relationships__________________________________________________________________

Profession or Work______________________________________________________________

Spiritual Life___________________________________________________________________

Parenting_____________________________________________________________________

Marriage______________________________________________________________________

Social Life_____________________________________________________________________

Extended Family_______________________________________________________________

Family of Origin________________________________________________________________

Education or Advancement Training____________________________________________

The Arts and the Performing Arts________________________________________________

Hobbies_______________________________________________________________________

Community and Neighborhood_________________________________________________

Retirement_____________________________________________________________________

Confronting Hardship(s) ________________________________________________________

Other__________________________________________________________________________

With each identified problem rank them as the most important to the least important.

Imagine an ideal picture that you would rather be doing then the problem. To help you imagine more easily, think about and write both role models and heroes both real and fictional. For example, if someone thinks they need to do better parenting they might think of a friend or peer who shows good parenting skills. An artist, musician or performer who is striving for maximum performance may think about their heroes in the field or people who have inspired them to achieve in this area.

Role Models__________________________________________________

Heroes______________________________________________________

Also, to develop your ideal picture you might think back to a time in your life when you were more able to accomplish these ideal tasks.

List time and place of the representing picture of being more able to accomplish this goal______________________________________________________

Next, starting with the number one identified problem, read through and carefully answer each of the questions below. This should help you to describe and imagine your ideal picture in great detail and on many levels. Remember this should be fun. Think big and give yourself as much credit as you can. Remember the idea that it is hard to get somewhere unless you first can see it, write it and say it.

Ideal Vision Questions 

In the ideal picture what are you successfully creating, achieving, and/or accomplishing? _______________________________________________________________

In the ideal picture what are you able to do that you think you can’t do now? _______________________________________________________________________________

In the ideal picture what do you stop doing that you are doing now? _______________________________________________________________________________

In the ideal picture what are you able to do differently, do better and/or do more effectively? ____________________________________________________________________

In the ideal picture how are you acting and behaving on a moment by moment basis? _________________________________________________________________________

In the ideal picture how are you relating to and interacting with other people (or any particular person/persons)? ________________________________________________

In the ideal picture what personal traits or characteristics have you strengthened or developed? _______________________________________________________________

In the ideal picture how are you feeling physically? ___________________________

In the ideal picture how are you feeling emotionally? _________________________

In the ideal picture what are you thinking? ________________________________

Now take some time to clearly see the ideal picture. Do this by closing your eyes and imaging all of the specific details. Allow yourself to solidify the picture by repeatedly reading through your answers and descriptions.

After this picture is clear, ask yourself “What memories or experiences have I had that keep me from getting this picture?” Think back as far as possible, the earlier the better. Often times the barriers to success lie in memories of past mistakes, criticisms, hardships or trauma.

Blocking Memory List___________________________________________________________

                                          ___________________________________________________________

                                          ___________________________________________________________

The EMDR standard protocol is used on each interfering memory. Using EMDR to reprocess the memory will eliminate its negative impact on performance. This procedure is meant to be used in the context of performance psychotherapy however some individuals can use self administered EMDR described in Francine Shapiro’s book “Getting Past Your Past”. Also watch for blog articles on self administered EMDR and see my blog article “What is EMDR?”. Self administered EMDR is not suggested for people who currently have PTSD or unresolved memories of trauma since EMDR will likely increase the level of clarity and recall of those memories.

 

Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW, ACSW is a licensed psychotherapist in private practice specializing in EMDR therapy. For contact call (616) 443-1425 or send an email to jeffsemdr@tds.net

Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW ACSW Suggested TOP TEN LIST of Self Help Books

#10 Adult Children of Alcoholics by Janet Woititz  

IT IS HARD TO IMAGINE that in the 1980s there was very little understanding about the impacts of alcoholism on a family. At the time alcoholism was seen as a problem impacting only the addict.Then Janet Woititz and other therapists like Claudia Black began to write about their observations of adult clients who were raised by an alcoholic. (Known as ACOA’S – Adult Children of Alcoholics) They noticed that these adult clients all shared many of the same struggles in their personal and relational lives. Alcoholism began to be seen as a systemic problem with impacts on the family that are highly predictable. Woititz work also changed the counseling profession since clients were given the opportunity to quickly understand that the chaotic behavior in their childhood families was not normal, that they were not alone and that tangible reasons existed to explain their experience. In this CLASSIC book Woititz clearly describes common characteristics of the ACOA, how they started, what challenges continue in adulthood, and offers a starting point for change. This is a MUST READ for anyone raised by an alcoholic parent, anyone married to someone raised by an alcoholic, ALL therapists, ALL marital therapists and anyone in the counseling ministry.

 

#9 Neuro – Linguistic Programming Workbook for Dummies By Romilla Ready and Kate Burton

Neuro–linguistic Programming (NLP) is a branch of psychotherapy that is based on the understanding that people experience the world through their senses and translate sensory information into conscious and unconscious thought patterns that impact physiology, emotions and behavior. The linguistic aspect in NLP refers to the idea that language helps capture, conceptualize and communicate experience while programming has to do with the idea that people have patterned internal processes that facilitate learning, acting and getting results.

NLP began as an attempt to explain and teach the patterns of successful individuals. Today NLP is used for performance enhancement, mental health and employee development.

I have found the strength of NLP to be in its written exercises.  Authors Ready and Burton have put together a workbook with the active learner in mind. Chapter topics include – motivational patterns, personal goal setting, challenging self resistance, challenging self-limiting behavior, subconscious communication for relationship development, visualization for emotional management, challenging limiting self beliefs, aliening self goals with purpose and value, and the power of story telling.

This workbook is a very good explanation of NPL and provides tools for immediate positive results. Enjoy!!

 

#8 Ten Days to a Less Defiant Child by Jeffrey Bernstein PhD

DON’T BE FOOLED by the title – dealing with a child who has Oppositional Defiant Disorder is difficult and eliciting positive behavioral change in the child takes time. However, following the suggestions in this book will bring quick results. A significant frustration for parents of defiant children is that their love, skilled parenting and investment in their child don’t seem to work. Bernstein explains in this book that parenting a defiant child takes a unique set of skills that can be learned and applied. He explains the often times misunderstood self perception of a defiant child, how to stay out of power struggles, side stepping yelling, dealing with school defiance and creating “dependable discipline”. This book is EXTEMELY helpful and will allow parents to change what at times seems like an impossible situation. Enjoy!!

 

#7 The Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Skills Workbook by Matthew McKay Jeffrey Wood and Jeffrey Brantley

In the 1980’s and 1990’s the treatment of personality disorders came from a theoretical framework of delayed emotional development and psychotherapy focused on both confrontation and the management of a therapeutic relationship. The positive results of these methods are inconsistent. Later psychotherapist Marsha Linehan began to describe personality disorders as a set of problems stemming from both a low level of emotional tolerance and an inability to regulate emotions. She created what is known today as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) which centers on a four part treatment focus of distress tolerance, mindfulness, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. The central practices of DBT include MINDFULNESS which is a behavioral exercise to develop the ability to be aware (and separate) of thoughts, emotions, body sensations and actions in the present moment as well as RADICAL ACCEPTANCE which is the ability to not judge one’s self and others. DBT has become a very effective and consistent treatment method for personality disorders. In this book the authors provide a clear description of DBT and provide many exercises fitting to each treatment part in DBT. This is an excellent book to use as part of therapy, groups or to use individually to provide a sense of what needs to be done to end the symptoms and cognitive patterns of these painful and stubborn disorders.  

 

#6 – The Eight Concepts of Bowen Theory: A New Way of Thinking About the Individual and the Group by Roberta M. Gilbert

It is reasonable to say that one of the GREATEST contributors to the field of psychotherapy is Murray Bowen. Bowen challenged the idea that human behavior is an isolated act related only to one’s thoughts, feelings and youth. Bowen recognized that human behavior has more to do with how a person exists in their emotional context of people – particularly the family. “Systems Theory”, as it is known, was revolutionary because people could relieve themselves from the unreasonable responsibility of being the sole creator of their own problems. Equally important, it allowed therapists to help people end symptoms and problem behavior by changing what was happening AROUND the person.

In this book Roberta Gilbert does an incredible job of covering all of the major points of Browen Theory. Topics include – The Family Emotional System, Differentiation of Self, Family Triangulation, Emotional a Communicative Cut Offs, Family Projection, Multigenerational Influences and Sibling Position. Gilbert also includes special considerations for parents and leaders. System Theory is NOT intuitive and most everyone will have to read about it to understand how it relates to their own life. Considering the ideas in this book will help one to better understand why they act and feel as they do and how family members have contributed to current and past.

 

#5 Boundaries: Where You End and I Begin by Ann Katherine

It is ABSOLUTEY INCREDIBLE how just one relational topic gone wrong can cause so much damage. Boundary management is a behavioral consideration that comes from Murray Bowen’s theories about The Differentiation of Self. Poor boundary management will lead to anxiety, depression, anger, divorce, conflict, broken families, broken companies, lost careers, suicide, personality disorders and PTSD. The good news is that problem solving proper boundary management can eliminate all of these listed problems. Ann Katherine was the first to cover this topic in book form and has given readers a chance to regain their sanity. Boundaries is high on my list for self help books because of the selected topic and the incredible possibilities that exist if struggling people use these ideas.

#4 The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook by Edmond Bourne

Anxiety has a simple definition – FEAR OF THE FUTURE. However for something that seems so easy to grasp anxiety is extremely difficult to understand. It comes in many forms – generalized anxiety, panic, phobias, PTSD and obsessive compulsive disorder. Its symptoms can mimic depression, ADD, behavior problems, mania and psychosis. Also, anxiety is DANGEROUS – left untreated anxiety will turn to major depression, will destroy the body and cause serious health problems.

The best treatment for anxiety begins with education since understanding and normalizing anxiety decreases its symptoms. The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook covers most every topic and treatment intervention related to anxiety. It explains the various types of anxiety and its possible causes. The book teaches ways to end anxiety through problem solving, physical relaxation, feelings expression, change of diet, physical exercise and medication. The most powerful section is on self talk and mistaken beliefs where Bourne explains how the anxious person thinks differently about themselves and the future and the book provides ways to change these negative thought patterns. This book is high on my list because its organization, level of information and thoughtful directives are SO HELPFUL that many people who suffer with anxiety can use its suggestions successfully without therapeutic treatment.

#3 – Getting Past Your Past by Francine Shapiro

When Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) became available to people in the early 1990’s it seemed too good to be true. The idea that controlled eye movements combined with visualization and body awareness could initiate a self healing mechanism for trauma seemed unbelievable. Despite years of extreme scrutiny from the psychiatric community, EMDR thrived and spread to treating other mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, panic, OCD, performance fears and low self esteem.

Throughout the history of EMDR the treatment protocol has been highly controlled by a therapist. Clients needed prescreening to assess readiness and the therapist followed a developed eight step model. The strictness of the procedure lead to both a well understood range of movement for clients and its very predictable process created a much needed yet unspoken climate of safety.

In “Getting Past Your Past” Francine Shapiro (The creator of EMDR) steps out of the strict EMDR procedure by providing a teaching book on EMDR that can be used by the person who is suffering. It is the first book of its kind and through its pages she essentially takes the therapist out of the picture. Self administered EMDR is explained as a possibility for people who are struggling with mildly disturbing memories and Shapiro suggests that under certain circumstances EMDR can be done alone. This book is very high on my list because EMDR is so incredibly effective and by putting the procedure in the hands of the individual, Shapiro makes a great thing even better.

#2 Messages: The Communication Skills Book by Matthew McKay, Martha Davis and Patrick Fanning

Communication is a BIG topic. It is a relational necessity and can make or break marriages, families, relationships and businesses. Also, communication comes in many forms since it can be spoken, unspoken, conscious or unconscious. Communication also determines emotional health. For example, if someone is a poor communicator it can cause anger, passivity, anxiety and depression. Unfortunately proper communication it is not formally taught but is handed down to us through our closest relationships.

“Messages” is a gift to the interested learner. It covers every applicable topic related to healthy communication. Topics include – listening, self-disclosure, expressing, body language, assertiveness training, negotiation, couple skills, communicating with children, hidden agendas, Transactional Analysis, prejudgment and methods of influence. Messages is high on my list because it is a compete teaching about an extremely important topic and delivers the teaching in an organized way that will bring fast results.

 

#1 – Family Guide to Emotional Wellness by Patrick Fanning and Matthew McKay

Throughout the history of psychotherapy there has been an increased understanding of the POWER AND IMPORTANCE of the family. The study of child development, family systems theory and the marriage support the idea that family health is the primary influence for individual wellness, individual success and healthy communities.

Family Guide to Emotional Wellness is my NUMBER ONE choice of self help books for several reasons. First, it is about helping families recognize and change problems that may negatively impact its well being. Second – it is huge with 720 pages of exercises, teaching and resources. Third, this book covers more family topics than any other book I know including topics on couple skills, sex, communication, infidelity and anger. The book dedicates an entire section to kids including parenting skills. It also includes six chapters on addictions, seven chapters on dealing with medical problems and 15 chapters on specific mental health diagnosis and methods of treatment followed by a full section on wellness methods. This is not a cover to cover read but is a handbook for family health and an ongoing resource for the ever changing family.

 

Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW, ACSW is a licensed psychotherapist in private practice specializing in EMDR therapy. For contact call (616) 443-1425 or send an email to jeffsemdr@tds.net.

 

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

By Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW, ACSW 

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a severe mental health problem that can happen to anyone at any age at any time. The origin of PTDS starts with an individual either witnessing or enduring something that is horrific beyond what is typically experienced by a person. Common examples of people with PTSD are war vets, firefighters, victims of domestic violence, people who have been robbed, abducted and children who have been abused. In the workplace, PTSD can happen in many ways but commonly will occur through witnessing an accident or being a part of an accident.

PTSD and Integrated Memory

In order for a negative memory to pass it must go through a process called integration. This means that the mind fully internalizes the memory and makes it an old memory. For example, if someone goes through a typical negative experience it initially will impact the persons feelings, self concept and related body sensation. Once the memory is integrated, those negative associations disappear and the memory is simply an old memory. If someone experiences a traumatic memory, the mind is not able to fully integrate the memory leaving the person to constantly reexperience the negative thoughts, feelings and body sensations. It is as if people were not made to take experiences that are too negative. This is the beginning of the development of PTSD.  Without treatment, this problem could remain for a lifetime.

Symptoms of PTSD

The following symptoms are taken from the DSM (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.) Only a limited number of symptoms need to exist to make the diagnosis.

  1. Exposure to or witnessing an event that is horrific beyond what is typically endured by a person. (All PTSD cases have this symptom.)
  2. The person experiences intrusive thoughts or flashbacks of the event(s).
  3. The person has nightmares about the event(s).
  4. The person feels as if the event(s) is continuing to happen.
  5. The person has emotional overwhelm when reminded of the event(s).
  6. The person has physical reactions when reminded of the event(s).
  7. The person avoids thoughts and feelings about the event(s).
  8. The person cannot recall all of the event(s).
  9. The person withdrawals from others.

10. The person does not experience the peaks of good or bad emotions.

11. The person believes they will not live long or have a good and productive life.

12. The person has sleep disturbance, hyper vigilance and extreme anger. 

For the outside observer, symptoms of PTSD are not very obvious. Many of the symptoms listed above can be recognized if the individual discusses the trauma. However, the person with PTSD generally wants to avoid the thoughts and feelings related to the trauma(s) and does not discuss the memories or seek therapy. The individual will, however show distinct negative behaviors. First, the person will almost always show symptoms of depression and anxiety. Second, people with PTSD tend to want to be alone and will withdrawal from others. Third, the person can have extreme outbursts of anger and can be set off by only very minor things. Lastly, people with PTSD often times will abuse substances. In fact, more people will actually seek treatment for the substance abuse than for PTSD.

Treatment for PTSD

Only in the past 15 years has psychotherapy been able to fully embrace and effectively treat PTSD. Studies have shown that group debriefing can be an effective way for people to become aware of the possibility of PTSD and it may decrease some minor symptoms. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) also has been effective in treating PTSD. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a neurobiological intervention which integrates traumatic memory. Both CBT and EMDR have been shown to effectively treat PTSD. However EMDR is cited as being more effective in reducing symptoms for a greater amount of cases and in a significantly shorter amount of time.

 

Talking and Listening: How “In Depth Communication” can Strengthen your Personal and Family Life.

By Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW ACSW 

I.  Active Listening – Listening is not a passive behavior but an active process that involves choices for how to respond to the speaker. Active Listening has four main parts. They are paraphrasing, clarifying, giving feedback and listening with your body.

          A. Paraphrasing – After hearing what the speaker initially says, the listener provides a mirroring statement letting the speaker know they were heard. A good paraphrase can be developed by beginning with one of the following phrases:

                       So you are saying…In other words…If I understand you correctly…What I hearing you saying is that…Let me get this straight…

                     After paraphrasing is complete the speaker should have the sense that they were heard and are understood. The listener, however, does not have to agree with what was said.

          B. Clarifying – After giving feedback, the listener should clarify. This is done by gently asking questions about the presented topic and making sure there are no misunderstandings. Clarifying should make the speaker feel important and that their concerns have value. The listener also should be sure to have a goal of understanding and not interrogating.

                       Ask the “who, what, when, where” questions to make sure the speaker is understood.

         C. Feedback – After paraphrasing and clarifying give feedback. Feedback is a supportive yet honest expression of one’s opinion regarding the topic. Feedback should be given at the same time as the discussion because the speaker is then more likely to listen. Feedback gives the speaker an understanding of the impact of their language and it can provides a fresh point of view. 

                        Feedback should be honest but supportive. For example to say “I think you may have made a mistake” rather than “You blew it!”  

          D. Listening With Your Body – Listening with your body is an unspoken gesture that makes it easier for the speaker to talk. This can be done in many ways. For example,

                      Maintain eye contact, move closer or lean forward, nod as positive reinforcement, smile or frown in sympathy, keep posture open, remove distraction and remove objects between self and presenter.                                                                                                    

II. The Use of Self to Increase Communication – The quality of communication can be increased by paying attention to how one’s self is being used. The use of one’s self is the alteration of things in the relational context that already exist but may be unclear, normalized, taken for granted or ignored.

  1. A.    The Art of Being Quiet – Both listeners and presenters maintain an unspoken time limit on the accepted length of silence. Altering the length of silence before responding to a presenter can have a positive impact. Consider following these suggestions.

                      Wait longer before responding to create an atmosphere of calm and listening.

                      Wait longer before responding to allow the speaker to look internally and reflect.

           B. Boundaries – Boundaries are the spoken and unspoken rules, roles and limitations relevant to the relationship and context. Boundaries involve issues of time, authority, submission, involvement, distance and resources. Communication is greatly increased when boundaries are clear and verbalized. Boundaries are determined usually by the person in authority. When boundaries are clear, it allows for safety, freedom and self development. Here are examples of clear boundaries.

                         Job descriptions and work roles are clearly understood and well managed.

                      When a listener is clear and consistent regarding how long he or she can listen, what topics can be heard and how much he or she one is willing to do.

                    When someone is willing to say “no” to tasks that are too big, inappropriate or out of line with expectations.

                   When a manager listens to an employee or colleague in the same location each time they talk.

          C. Self Disclosure – Self disclosure is sharing information about oneself that is somewhat personal. When a listener self discloses he or she is giving an unspoken suggestion that the speaker self disclose as well. Consider using these ideas:

                       Think about what you would like for the speaker to say that would move the discussion in a direction you would like. Based on this topic, pick something from your life that is personal and share it. The speaker will hear this and most likely respond with a personal example on the same topic. (If you want someone to talk about their mother than start by talking about your own mother.)

                         Self disclosure allows the listener to control the discussion by setting the parameters of what is acceptable. In other words, the level and detail of personal disclosure is determined by the listener.

                        The listener should be sure to only share as much as he or she can manage emotionally.                                                                                            

III. Responding To Criticism – Responding to criticism has to do with one’s reactions to negative words about one’s self or behavior. How we respond  to criticism determines if the communication will be productive or nonproductive.

        A. Acknowledging – Acknowledging is saying one agrees with the criticism but not necessarily agreeing with how it is said. Acknowledging criticism allows one to decrease the amount of defense in the relationship and productively discuss change.

           “You are late again.”

                          …”You are right. I was late.”

          B. Clouding – Clouding is helpful for responding to manipulative putdowns of which you disagree. Do this by agreeing with part of what is said while holding your position. It decreases a defensive atmosphere and communicates a willingness to change while holding one’s ground.

                         ‘You work too much. You think the world will fall apart if you take a day off.”

                          …”You are right. I work too much.” 

          C. Probing – Asking questions following criticism to understand if it is constructive or manipulative. Listen to the main concern then restate it in a question.

                        ‘You do a poor job and you are not pulling your weight anymore”

                         …”What is it about my work that bothers you?” 

IV. Imago Communication – Imago Communication is a technique developed for marital therapy with the primary goal of developing relational intimacy. Proper Imago Communication will allow for the speaker to begin relating current conflicts to childhood experiences and emotions.

  1. A.    Mirroring Mirroring is simply a repeat of what was heard by the speaker.

         So you are saying…Is there more…let me make sure I have it all…

  1. B.      Validation –Validation is a statement that the speaker’s perspective is reasonable. Validation is not necessarily agreeing with the speaker, however.

        That makes sense because…Can you help me understand?

  1. C.    Empathy – Empathy is the act of putting oneself in the position of the speaker and imaging how it would feel to experience their position.

       I can imagine you feel…           

Effective Communication and Problem Solving in The Workplace

By Jeff Dwarshuis LMSW, ACSW 

Communication problems in the workplace are the result of employee stress reactions leading to role confusion and challenges to leadership. The resulting communication patterns can be corrected by the use of strategic problem solving. 

Triangulation and the Development of Problems in Groups

Triangles are a symbolic representation of a group of three people. In the areas of Family Therapy and Systems Theory the three person unit is seen as the basis for understanding group behavior, social change, anxiety management and dysfunction. The impacts of triangulation are universal and inescapable for all people. How people manage the pressures of triangulation is an indication of their ability to maintain health and optimal social behavior.

Triangles are in constant motion in all organizations and institutions. It is nearly impossible for two people to exist without involving a third person either through personal contact or discussion. This is especially true as anxiety increases during the interaction of the two people. As the third person is introduced through discussion or contact a relational triangle is created. Additionally, it is nearly impossible for three people to remain in equal relational balance without creating exclusiveness between two of them and then ostracizing the third. Generally this shift is seen as normal expected behavior. However, when members of the triangle become stressed two of the people may take on the unhealthy behaviors of excessive closeness, exaggerated distance, or over/under helping.

Psychotherapy and Family Therapy have a long term understanding that most all problems related to behavior, mental health and emotional development are caused by some form of inappropriate triangulation leading to a challenge of hierarchy and the improper placement of responsibility onto those unable to manage it. This is particularly well understood in families and there is a growing understanding of its role in organizations. For example, in the workplace, triangles may occur if two leaders grow distant under stress and over involve an employee. Also, triangulation may occur if two leaders become stressed and relationally distant and the need for assistance leads to the inappropriate involvement of an employee unable to properly handle decisions at the leadership level. Optimal organizational performance comes when leaders align and anyone involved in the triangle maintains their expected role.

The Five Stages of Problem Solving

A. The Initial Stage – After a leader recognizes a triangle he should arrange a meeting. Triangles involving the most senior members should be addressed first.

B. The Problem Stage – Each person states what they see as being the problem.  Leaders should view the problem as systemic, keep from giving advice, interpreting behavior or asking how one feels about the problem.

C. The Interaction Stage – Members bring evidence of the problem such as loss of sales or increased sick days. Leaders should openly discuss the relational shift and unhealthy triangulation.

D. The Change Stage – Each member says what change they would like to see related to the stated problem. The changes should be stated in terms that are measurable, solvable and realistic. If they are stated in this way it can be recognized in the future as solved or unchanged. As all members participate in the suggested change, they are agreeing with and encouraging this healthy change.

 E. The Completion Stage – The leaders should make sure everyone understands the expected change in behavior and provide a picture of how that would appear. The leaders should decide if there is a need to set a follow up meeting to evaluate change and facilitate accountability.

The Results of Change

Successful problem solving brings to the group a sense of relief, insight and increased productivity. Additionally, more inappropriate triangles may be recognized and there may also be a ripple effect of change in the organization.